Mosquito Repellent against Anopheles Spp. and Aedes Aegypti on Cotton Fabric

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ter glass and vibroactivated zeolites. Repellent efficacy methods used are WHO modified

efficacy method (WHO/ CTD/ WHO PES/IC/96.1) and “human lending counts” ("glove")

test method according to Coleman, Govere and Durrheim.

Vector-borne diseases are human illnesses caused by parasites, viruses and bacteria

that are transmitted by vectors and 80% of the world’s population is at risk of one or more

vector-borne diseas. Every year there are more than 700,000 deaths from diseases such as

malaria, dengue, schistosomiasis, human African trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, Chagas

disease, Yellow fever, Chikungunya, Zika Japanese encephalitis and onchocerciasis [3, 4].

Since 2014, major outbreaks of dengue, malaria, chikungunya, yellow fever and zika have

afflicted populations, claimed lives, and overwhelmed health systems in many countries.

For instance in recent years, dengue fever has also reached in Europe (Croatia, France,

Italy and Portugal) [5]. These infections are transmitted mainly by Anopheles spp. and

Aedes aegypti mosquitos which spread rapidly world-wide.

Species of the Anopheles mosquito can be found throughout the world in temperate,

subtropical, and tropical areas. The Anopheles mosquito is the vector for malaria, which is

caused by Plasmodium spp. parasites, with P. falciparum and vivax malaria being responsi-

ble for most of the mortality worldwide. While these parasites have been largely eradicated

throughout much of the temperate zone (although risk remains due to the proliferation of

the Anopheles spp. vector), malaria continues to be an enormous burden to tropical and

subtropical regions of the globe, and particularly in sub-Saharan Africa [6].

Aedes aegypti is the best characterized species within the Culicinae, primarily due to

its easy transition from the field to laboratory culture, and has provided much of the ex-

isting information on mosquito biology, physiology, genetics and vector competence. It

maintains close association with human populations and it is the principal vector of the

etiological agents of yellow fever and dengue fever , as well as for the recent Chikungunya

fever epidemics in countries in the Indian Ocean area and Zika virus [7].

The “Global Vector Control Response (GVCR) 2017 – 2030” was approved by the

World Health Assembly in 2017. It provides strategic guidance to countries and devel-

opment partners for urgent strengthening of vector control as a fundamental approach to

preventing disease and responding to outbreaks. Most vector-borne diseases can be pre-

vented by vectorcontrol, if it is implemented well. Major reductions in the incidence of

malaria, onchocerciasis and Chagas disease have been largely due to strong political and

financial commitment. For other vector-borne diseases, vector control has not yet been

used to its full potential or had maximal impact [8]. There is a hope mosquito bites can be

reduced by repellents applied on textiles and paint for walls, too. This chapter represent

mosquito repellents on textile for protecting people against invasive mosquitos (Anopheles

spp. and Aedes aegypti). The current research was involved in the development of mosquito

repellent cotton fabrics with natural essential oils and further improvement of mosquitos

repellent efficacy on cotton fabrics. Cotton fabric treated with natural mosquito repellents

(immortelle oil, water glass and vibroactivated zeolites) that achieved very good efficacy

results [9]. WHO modified efficacy method, WHO/CTD/WHOPES/IC/96.1 and “human